Sunday, 22 November 2020

Love

 The fall

A lot of time when talking with her you feel so calm and normal as if you are talking to a person who has known you your entire life. 

But then the tiniest word from her, just a normal word of kindness and a deep love for her bubbles from so deep within you that it can't seem to end. Like an ocean without a bottom. And you love her so much. Everything makes sense in the world and you are happier, stronger and better. She's the last person you want to talk to before sleep and the first person after you wake up.

The break up

A lot of the time you feel okay. Like you have completely gotten over her. Like you are now ready to move on. 

But then the randomest thought or the sighting of the most innocuous thing, like the soap you bought her because she couldn't use yours, or her favourite sitting position on your chair. Or the lack of that good morning text that you used to take for granted. And the deepest, most painful loneliness takes a hold of you. And you try everything to not feel such heartache but nothing works. And you want to text her and tell her that whatever you did or she thought you did, you are sorry. And if she would just be there as she was.

Saturday, 16 May 2020

Reset

I am now back where I started as a fresh BVM graduate in 2013. Back then I made a decision to pursue education and research as a pathway to my future. It has been seven years dominated by these two very related themes. I have learnt a lot. Some who we started down this path have succeeded, some changed direction, some failed and some are still struggling to make it.

I have learnt that research is an insider’s club. You have to know someone who knows someone to get into a project, to get a scholarship or to get in to the most secure jobs in that industry. The epitome of your hard work is getting into one of the best employers in this sector KALRO, ILRI, KEMRI (and affiliates), IPR and ICIPE. Yes, these people love acronyms. Once in, it is usually a gravy train to MSc., then PhD then to more.

On the other hand, the education sector is a continuous struggle to get employment into government colleges and universities. These offer job security and the best chances to progress. A second option are large private universities MKU and KEMU. It’s a real struggle getting into these. In the mean time you have to work for small animal health colleges run by education entrepreneurs for both experience and daily bread. These are the most volatile work places. They are full of use and abuse, bad bosses and bad working conditions. The main thing that these institutions have in common is placing profit above almost everything. Overcharge students and underpay lecturers is the name of the game.

With the education sector there is also a middle ground called part time lecturing in government institutions. It is a good CV builder but frankly you may never get paid. The pains of part time lecturers have been extensively described before.

And in the middle of all this is the constant struggle to get more qualifications to better your chances of getting into these preferred employers in education and research.

Overall, it has been a thankless struggle for 7 years. On this flip side, I’ve come out of it with a longer CV, experience and a master’s degree.

I am now back where I started as a fresh BVM graduate in 2013. The COVID 19 pandemic and has provided a rare reset button. A chance at a do over. With the closure of schools, reduced research and the death of someone with whom we started down this path at the same time, I’ve had an opportunity to reflect deeply on my life and what is important. I am now older and wiser and know much better how the world operates. I also now know myself much better. It is now time to change direction.

As always there are two ways to change direction. A gradual change from where I am to where I want to be or a sudden change abandoning the old and changing to the new. The gradual approach is much safer and allows use of some resources amassed in the education/research tract. However, it takes more time to reach where id like to reach. Time that I may not have. The sudden change approach is faster but riskier. However, despite which approach I ultimately settle upon, change must happen.

Finally, there is this internet meme where there are two people digging for diamonds in an underground cave. One person discovers his diamonds, albeit small, first and he is very happy about it. On seeing this the other guy feels discouraged, places his pick axe on the shoulder and gives up digging. However, we are a shown a cross section of where this last guy was digging and if he had dug just a little more, he would have gotten more and larger diamonds. This is also something to think about isn’t it. 

Friday, 1 March 2019

Major Mwangi - Next Installment


BOOK TWO: Dr. MBOGO









































Year: 2014

The room was tense. Each computer screen in the control center had a scientist in front of it. From astrophysicists, engineers and computer programmers. At the front of the room stood a large screen. On it was displayed a single message: No signal received. At the front of the room Dr. Machira stood with the other head of departments. To his left was prof. Obgaji- the Nigerian in charge of ship life support. Next to him was Mr. Ali a Moroccan, in charge of ship computer programming. On Machira’s right stood Dr. Ingosi, a south African in charge of ship design. Dr. Mbogo was the overall scientist in charge and also acted as the head of propulsion.

On this day his company Muturi Space ship company had just launched the first space vessel ever to leave our solar system.

“Alright! Let the bets start coming in!” One of the scientists in the computer programming department announced.

“Two times the speed of light.” A tech announced handing over 500 shillings.

Three point one!” A senior propulsion scientist announced putting 1000 shillings where his mouth was.

They were of course betting on the speed of the vessel they had just launched. A launch which was a first of its kind, speed estimates for the propulsion systems had not been estimated. All tests that had been conducted on earth had been inconclusive. This included one where a five thousand kilometer tube had been laid across Africa from Lagos to Limuru and a miniature version of the propulsion system now on the ship tested. Despite having quantum clocks that could measure time to a trillionth of a second the miniature ship launched in Nigeria had arrived at limuru in a non-measurable time. And thus a test in space was all that was left.

The team had worked day and night creating a life sized version of the ship. They had installed the life support systems, a hull made of gratonium – a new metal discovered by the company, and a shield capable of taking any impact force from meteors. This ship had then been launched at the new limuru space center. Once outside earth the new propulsion system had been turned on for exactly one second. The ship was designed in such a way that wherever it ended up in that one second it would transmit a signal back to earth indicating the distance that it had travelled. This would help the team determine its speed.

“Dr. Mbogo, what about you?” The self-made bookie asked. The room went quiet. It was his discovery that had helped create the new propulsion system.

“Put me down for 2000 shillings” he said.

“What speed sir?”

“Six thousand times the speed of light.”

The room was completely quiet. A quick calculation showed that if it was so, and factoring in the speed in which the radio waves from the ship would travel, it would take 23 hours for the signal to be received.

“Alright,people,” The company CEO announced. “We better start talking shifts.”



Tuesday, 29 May 2018

Major Mwangi: The Whole Thing so Far - Uncorrected


Chapter 1

They sat on a bench, a man and his son. It was a bright sunny day in the park. People were walking their dogs, dogs were chasing balls, kids were flying kites and there wasn’t a cloud in the sky. Everyone looked happy.

“It wasn’t like this in my day,” the man said taking out a small silver case from his coat’s inner pocket.

“What?’ the young boy asked turning towards his father. He had been watching a pair of kids who were feeding ducks by the pond.

“In my day there were fat people and thin people. People who had everything and people who had nothing. His father said taking another swig from the small metallic case.

“What do you mean, dad?” The kid asked with infinite patience like someone who had \experience talking to people who did not make sense at times.

“You wouldn’t understand. In my day there was something called money. The greatest thing ever created. You either had it or you didn’t. And once you had it, oh boy once you had it,” he took another swig, “there was nothing that you couldn’t do.”

The boy looked at his dad for a while then got back to watching the kids who were feeding the ducks. The three boys wore matching clothes as if they had come from choir practice at the church. They had small pieces of bread in their pockets which they threw into the water where the ducks were. Each time a boy threw a piece of bread the 5 or so ducks would scramble for the one piece. This seemed to amuse the boys who though they had enough bread in their pockets, they chose to only throw to the ducks one piece at a time.

The man’s implant informed him that someone was calling him.

"Major Mwangi?" the voice at the other end of the line asked.

"Yes?" the man answered.

"We have a situation..."

There was suddenly an awkward silence.

"Yes, continue" Major Mwangi said.

"I'm sorry. Sir but the colonel told me to ascertain first whether you were sober." the voice said.

"Tell the goddamn colonel not to waste my time." Mwangi answered vehemently if only to hide the fact that he was feeling a bit tipsy.

After a brief silence the caller continued. "Sir, we've lost contact with the SS Harbinger."

"What do you mean you've lost contact?"

"It was passing through sector 33 on its way to answar when we experienced some interference and then... Then.."

"Then what captain?"

"You better come in and hear this for yourself sir."

This was bad. There was a pretty big black hole smack in the middle of sector 33. What the captain of the ship, his old friend Njogu, had wanted there was a mystery to him. And as is always the case when things went wrong they always called him.

"Great" he muttered touching behind his ear to end the call.

"Come on son, let’s go".

Chapter 2

The center for space travel was located in Limuru on the outskirts of Nairobi. It was a large blue building that had a blocky appearance. While it only stood at two stories high, the bulk of the building stretched 15 floors below.

Mwangi arrived at the massive gate in his old beat up Peugeot. A military police lieutenant came to his window looked in then snapped a salute recognizing him.

"Welcome sir" he said as he gestured to another MP at the gatehouse. The barrier was dropped and major Mwangi drove through.

On his way in he noted colonel Odhiambo's black Citroen and general Mathenge's blue Toyota parked at the front. This was bad. Very bad.

The famous inventor Dr. Mbogo started all this back in 2022 when he discovered hypertime. It was the discovery of a lifetime. It could get a space ship practically anywhere in the universe almost at the snap of a finger.

"Dad are we going to see the 'mwari' his son asked excitedly. ”Are we?"

The mwari was the first ship in human history to fly through hypertime. It was Dr. Mbogo's ship.  In 2024, on the mwari’s third mission the ship had disappeared without a trace. It was still the mystery of the century almost 70 years later.

"No son. Not today. Daddy's got to work."

They entered into the reception area. The room was painted green with a desk that divided the room in half. On the far end of the room stood a bank of elevators. One would have wondered what a two story building needed an elevator for. Behind the desk sat a female sergeant who looked up momentarily when Mwangi and his son walked in. Mwangi walked past the sergeant to the elevators and pressed a button to summon the elevators.

There was a row of seats facing directly to the reception area. Three people sat in them. Two men and a woman all in black suits. They seemed to be fixedly staring at spots. Each blankly staring at a different part of the reception room. Mwangi shook his head. These people had the eye contacts that acted as a little computer so that anything that they looked at could literally be turned to a monitor.

The elevator arrived with a crisp military ding and he and his son walked in. There was a row of numbers on the elevators wall from 1-22. Mwangi pressed 13. This was the operation center where all communication with Kenyan ships in space came in. The elevator stopped at level 6 and Annete walked in. Or lieutenant Koki from the engineers corps.

“Hey Major!” Koki greeted him, “and who is this?” She said in that cute way she talked. She bent down to smile broadly at his son.

“I'm captain Mbogo pilot of the mwari,” his son announced. Mwangi smiled. His son never talked to anyone except those he liked.

“Wow,” Koki replied. She stood up and snapped a mock salute and we all laughed.

The elevator dinged and showed that they had arrived at sub level 13.

“Ok see you captain,” Koki said and smiled at major Mwangi as she passed by him.

Chapter 3

Captain Njogu felt something move. Felt was a weak word. He sensed something move, somewhere. This confused him a bit. If he felt it or sensed it or whatever, it must mean that it touched his body somehow. But that was not he felt. His mouth felt heavy and light at the same time. He tried to talk.

“Obed,” he tried calling his first mate. No one answered. But something strange was going on for when he had called out he had felt his voice move across time and space.

The last thing he remembered was seeing something else flying in hypertime with him. A light. This was scientifically impossible. The theory of hypertime rested on the fact that time was an extra dimension. And once a ship crossed over to this dimension or warping as it was popularly called an observer on the ship couldn’t see any other thing other than the time flux lines. There was nothing in the time dimension. But he had seen it right there, bright as day.

He tried moving again. But as with before he felt strange. As if he was everything all at once and nothing at all. Whatever it was that was happening or wherever it is that he was, he knew one thing. That his friend Major Mwangi would get him out of it. He was sure of it.

The operations center was in chaos. Everybody was talking all at once. The analysts were trying to get their points across, the mid-level staff were trying to make sense wile General Mathenge and the colonel looked as if they were ready to run away from all of it. As Major Mwangi started walking towards the front where a huge screen stood displaying sector 33 the room fell gradually silent and everyone looked at him. He was the head of the emergency operations center.

“Son,” He said. “Why don’t you go to daddy’s office and wait there.” His son nodded and ran to his office. Major Mwangi turned to face the room which by now was completely quiet and a look of relief had come over general’s Mathenge’s face.

“Now, I don’t know what is going on here, but I will have order.” Captain Haraka. Bring me up to speed.”

“Sir”, the Captain started. “About 16 hours ago the SS Harbinger took off from the Mbogo Memorial Space port. Its destination was the planet Jumbwa. The ship successfully went into hypertime at 1100 hours,” the captain continued in crisp military tone. “”The ship maintained contact with base station. At about 1600 hours we received………”

Major Mwangi tuned him out. It was funny how captain Haraka looked. He had big eyes and a small nose with a mouth that looked slightly feminine. He wore standard issue fatigues, desert special with the space ship insignia on his shoulders. While delivering his speech he stood erect with his hands clasped at the small of his back, his voice monotonous and well-articulated.

This reminded him of a mad man that he had once seen while waiting for a bus one day. At the time he had asked himself why most mad men congregated where normal folks were. Areas like bus stops, markets were full of them. And why mad men were considered mad. On that thought he had looked more closely at the madman. Firstly his dark brown trouser was dirty and his dark blue shirt was torn. He had big eyes and a small nose and he had held an empty water bottle in one hand and an old shirt in the other.

In most circumstances there was nothing wrong with this. He could have been easily confused with someone coming from a job digging trenches or something. But what was it that made this mad man mad? And because Major Mwangi thought he was mad was it him or the Major who was mad? He had then concluded that it was his actions that made him mad. In particular, he greeted everyone he saw regardless of whether he knew them, and he would walk around the same spot over and over again. His actions seemed to have no purpose. Purpose. Purpose was what then differentiated mad men from sane men. For sane men had a purpose for every action that they did. Didn’t they?

“Major Mwangi! Major!” the captain dragged him back from his thoughts. Apparently he had finished summarizing the situation for him.

“Yes, okay, thank you captain.” He did not know what to say next and the whole room seemed to be expecting something from him. So he decided to be mad.

“Captain Haraka, you are now in charge. Keep attempting communication and try gamma wave detection.”

“Yes Sir!”

“And prepare the SS Hamoud, I’ll be flying her out to section 33 myself.”

“Come again Sir”, Captain Haraka shakily said.

“Do I have to repeat myself captain?”

“No sir!”

And with that Major Mwangi walked out much to the dismay of everyone.



Chapter 4

Captain Njogu came to again.  He groggily looked around wondering for the umpteenth time where he was. But something was different this time and what he saw surprised him to his core. There it was: Earth in all its blue magnificence. He was passing over it like an astronaut stranded in space. How was he doing this with no space suit on?  He looked on forlornly. Somewhere down there was his family. How he missed home. His wife and his son somewhere there may be looking up, wondering where he was. He wished so much that he was with them on the ground.

The something happened. All of a sudden he was whizzing past clouds and air and birds heading towards the ground at frightening speed. ”Oh god” he thought. I can’t survive re-entry without a parachute! He started panicking. Then he saw where he was headed; right towards the roof of his house! And then just as suddenly as he had started he stopped and landed upright in front of his house. His wife who was at their kitchen garden, wearing her floral green dress that she liked to wear when digging, turned around as if she had heard something. She turned around slowly until she was completely facing him. Wide eyed, she raised her hand to her mouth and caught her breath.
“Njogu?”



The bay doors opened smoothly as Major Mwangi walked in to the space ship hangar. Then he stopped.

“Bloody hell!” he exclaimed as he turned around. He had almost forgotten that he had a son who was in his office at that moment. He turned around and almost smacked into a captain.

“Sir!” The captain saluted.

“At ease.” Major Mwangi replied. What is your name son?

“Samson Sir.” Well Samson is the SS Hamoud ready?

“Yes Sir.”

“Ok. I’ll be right back.”

Major Mwangi started walking towards his office. His son’s mother had died during childbirth. Njeri was a beautiful courageous lady. And he had been a better man then. They had met at a church that he had frequented in his early years. Back then he had been a young lieutenant straight out of military school and she was a student at a nearby university. You could say that it was love at first song for the first time he had seen her she was standing at the front of the church singing. They had exchanged numbers a while later.

Afterwards he had been transferred to a different area but they had kept in touch.

He reached his office. His son looked up with those bright eyes of his and asked

“Where are we going?”  

“Sector 33.” He replied.

“Isn’t there a black hole there?”

“Yes.” He said continuing to walk back to the hangar, his son behind him.

“Dad!”

“Yes?” He said looking around.

“What about school on Monday?”

“We’ll be back by then.” He said turning around only to smack right into Koki.

“Where are we going?” She asked.

“To sector 33.”

“Why?”

“Captain Njogu is stuck there.”

“Yes I had heard about that. Isn’t there a pretty big black hole around there?”

“Yes.”

“Ok.” She started following them.

Major Mwangi turned around and asked, “Where are you going?”

“With you,” she answered.

“No you’re not Lieutenant.”

“Ok then. I’ll just go back to General Mathenge and ask if minors are allowed on ships going near black holes.”

Major Mwangi looked at her for a while and then said. “Ok. Let’s go.”

The three of them walked back to the hangars in silence. When they arrived the captain stepped out of a brand new SC-43 and said: “She’s all ready for you sir.”

“Is it really you Njogu?” His wife asked removing her gardening gloves.

Njogu couldn’t believe it either. Minutes ago he had been in outer space and now here he was home at last.

“Yes it is me.” He answered.

“Ho-how, they told me that you got lost in space?”

“I don’t know either my dear.”

His wife rushed over to hug him, tears of joy streaming down her face. But as she brought her arms around him they went through him as though he was made of air.

“What” she said. “Why can’t I hug you?” She looked grief stricken and afraid all at the same time.

“I-I don’t know, Njogu said trying to inspect himself.” He looked at his wife. She looked white as ash. He tried moving towards her, his arms out trying to comfort her but she took a step backward, scared.

“Jackie...” he called to her grief stricken.

“no, no” she said tearfully. “What is happening to me?” Tears started streaming down her face and she said. “Get away from me ghost!” and she run back to the house.

How could he do this to the woman he loved? Njogu asked himself. I wish I could talk to my friend Major Mwangi. Suddenly he found himself flying out of earth at break neck speed. Ahead of him he saw an SC-43 flying away from earth. “No, not again!” he thought to himself. “I can't leave my family again.”

And just as suddenly he found himself flying back to earth towards his home again.

Chapter 5

Three days into their flight the captain announced that they were near where captain Njogu's last transmission came from. Throughout their journey his son had oohed and ahed at everything. From the way the flux lines looked at hypertime to the beautiful colorful shapes that dust aggregations made. They had even seen a blue star once when they had dropped out of hypertime to inspect an anomaly with one of the drive compressors. Koki mostly kept to herself although once she had come to his quarters to borrow something, he couldn't remember what.

Major Mwangi took a swig from his little metallic bottle just as the ship came out of hyperdrive.

“We are here.” The captain announced.

All around them was darkness. This was deep space. The middle of nowhere. Although he couldn't tell this to anyone, space scared him. But his son seemed to be in his element.

“Anything on the scanners?” Major Mwangi asked

“No sir.”

Get one of the shuttle pods ready, I'm going out there.”

“Yes sir.”

“Please dad, can I come with you?”

“No son, stay in the ship.”

The shuttle was made ready and he flew out of the ship from bay door 2. Out there was complete darkness. He looked at his controls. He was now 300 meters from the ship. He accelerated and the ship moved faster. He looked again at the controls and he was now 1 km away from the ship. All the while he continued peering uselessly into the darkness as if he could have spotted anything. Suddenly he did spot something. A light. Off in the distance. He silently shuddered. He could have sworn that the light stared back at him. He turned the shuttle and headed towards it.

Closer and closer he got. He checked the controls again. He was now 20 kilometers from the ship and he was going at normal speed. This surprised him for he seemed to be getting closer to the light at a faster rate. Unless... “No” he thought to himself. The light couldn't possibly be moving towards him. But then again, you never know. He activated the scanners. There was still nothing being detected. Something was wrong.

He stopped the shuttle. The light was still heading towards him. He quickly turned the shuttle around and accelerated towards his ship.

“Captain” He shouted into his communication apparatus” “Captain!”

“Yes sir'” The captain replied.

“I'm coming in hot. Get ready to go into hypertime immediately”

“Yes sir, standing by.”

Major Mwangi couldn't see behind him so he was hoping that the light wasn’t gaining on him. After a minute or so he saw the ship, bay door two open. He aimed his shuttle towards it and no sooner had he entered than the bay doors closed and the ship went into hypertime. He let out a sigh of relief.

Later, up on the bridge the captain asked him what he had seen. As he was about to tell him, all the warning lights and alarms that the ship had went off. He felt himself flung against the outer bridge door. The last thing that he saw before everything went black was a bright light.



Maj0r Mwangi came to with a start. He was disoriented. His vision was first to come before all other senses. He looked for his coat and started patting it down looking for his bottle.  He didn’t find it. It must have fallen, he thought and he started looking round for it. It was then that he noticed that he wasn’t alone. A person sat at the corner of the room. The room was approximately 4 feet across by 5 feet wide. It was painted a kind of old grey that was used in the early 2000s. There were various equipment here and there with a clear plastic tubing coming from his arm.

The man who sat in the corner had a thoughtful look to him. And he seemed kind of familiar.

“My-my son…” His mouth felt heavy as he said this. “Where is my son?”

“Your son is fine.” The man said. “He’s in the next room. I’ll go call him in a minute. But first I have to talk to you.”

“Where is my bottle? A little metallic flask about this big.” Major Mwangi said showing the man the size using his hands.

The man stood up and handed him his flask. And Major Mwangi took a swig.

“What’s your name?”

“Major Albert Mwangi. Kenya Air force, space division.” He said.

“What year is it?”

“What do you mean what year it is?”

“We have to ask this to make sure that you are not disoriented.”

“Its 2118, October 13.”

The man looked at him steadily. Major Mwangi was sure that he had seen him somewhere. Or may be a picture of him.

“Let me be honest with you.” The man said. “My name is Dr. Mbogo and the year is 2017. October the 13th. You and three other people suddenly appeared out of thin air.  They called me…”

“Holy cow!” Major Mwangi interrupted him. “Your him aren’t you? The famous scientist Dr. Muturi Mbogo?”


Metaphysics - time?

A simple way to travel back in time. Let's assume that you have isolated a mouse in a cage. The walls of the cage are all blank. A piece of cheese is placed in front of it everyday for one week. Then afterwards for the next week the piece of cheese is not placed  in front of it. You change nothing else.

After one week, you place the cheese is placed back in front of the mouse. To the mouse it has traveled back in time. This is because it cannot perceive time and the return of circumstances to the way they were is time travel.

I'm trying to say that time is something we created to explain changes to the physical world. Unlike distance, light or other forces, time has no physical basis. There are no quarks or waves or particles to explain it. It is our own creation.

I saw a movie recently staring George Clooney that explored time dilation. In the movie a space ship travels to a planet that is very near to a black hole.While the ship stays at a distance away from the black hole's gravitational pull, Clooney and a few others use a space ship to travel to the planet. Then here's where it gets dicey. The crew stay on the planet for a few hours but when they manage to get back to the ship, thirty years have passed!

Let us hypothetically assume that it is possible to create a clock that is unaffected by gravitational waves. If both the crew and those who left for the planet had started this stop watch together at zero before they left for the planet. And then agreed that the crew would stay in the planet for exactly one hour and come back. Would it mean that their stop watch would dramatically slow down when they reached the planet?

We created time. And decided that 12 hours was how long it took to for the sun to move from the east to the west. It is a very useful tool. But it is not based on natural laws.

Steps in formulating animal feeds in excel using linear programming method

Steps in formulating animal feeds in excel using linear programming method.
Dr. Dickson Machira. BVM, MSc
Head of Animal Science Department - Bradegate International College

This is a step by step guide on how to use MS excel to formulate animal feeds using the linear programming method. This method is superior to others (Pearson’s square and trial and error method) because many feed ingredients can be used in the calculations simultaneously and it gives you the feed formulation that will have the least cost of production.

The excel sheet can be found here.

Things needed before you start (Minimum Informational Requirements):
1. Find out what nutrients are needed in an animal. This can be done by attending a class on animal nutrition or reading online or in the library. Remember different species may have different nutrient requirements.
2. Find out which feed ingredients you want to use. – These may include things like maize germ, soya bean meal etc. Consider availability, palatability, nutritive value and cost when deciding which ingredients you will use.
3. Find out the cost of a kilogram of each feed ingredient you want to use. E.g. one kg of maize germ is 26 KShs. This can be done by travelling to the market and finding out the actual costs.
4. Find out the nutritive value of each ingredient you want to use. This will include: metabolizable energy (in Kcal/kg), crude protein (%), Crude fibre (%), crude fat (%), calcium (%), phosphorus (%), sodium chloride (%), lysine (%), methionine (%) etc. These can easily be found in literature. Alternatively you can take samples of your ingredients to a laboratory that measures this.
5. Find out which standards are set by KEBS on different feeds. You can get this from their offices, website etc.
6. A computer that can run MS Excel and some little knowledge on computer use.

Steps in formulating feed
Step 1.
Open up MS excel and make sure that the solver add in is enabled. This is done by clicking on the ‘Data’ tab and checking the upper right corner.

If it is not there you have to add it by following the steps below.
Step 1 (a)
Click on file and select options on the left hand panel.

This should open the ‘excel options’ dialog box.
Step 1 (b)
Click on ‘add Ins’ on the left part of the dialog box.

Step 1 (c)
This should open a box written ‘view and manage Microsoft Office Add-Ins’. Look into that box and look for something written ‘Solver Add-in’ under the ‘Inactive application add-ins’.

Step 1 (d)
Click on the ‘Solver add-in’ and then click ‘Go’ at the bottom of the dialog box.

Step 1 (e)
This will open the ‘Add-Ins’ dialog box. Select ‘Solver Add-In’ and click ‘OK’. This will install the add in on the data tab.

Step 2
Now that you now have the solver add in, let’s put in all the information you gathered earlier into excel.
Step 2 (a)
Create a table with the feed ingredients in forming the rows and their nutritive content forming the columns. Include a column with the cost per Kg of the feed at the end. The prices that I have used are hypothetical as I am too lazy to go find out the real prices.

Step 2 (b)
Create a table with the feed standards set by KEBS. In the example below I’ve used the poultry feed standards but any type of standard can be used for any species.

You now have everything you need to create a feed.
As an example let us create a 70 kg bag of layers mash that meets the KEBS standards at the most minimum cost using maize (M), wheat pollard (WP), Bone Meal (BM), Soy bean Meal (SBM), Limestone (L) and Salt (S).
Step 3 (a)
Create a table with the ingredients and cost of the feed ingredient. You can equate the cost to the particular cell number on the table that contained the feed ingredients. Also create a ‘Solution’ row that will contain the calculated amount of feed ingredients that will be needed.

In the figure above the cost of salt is highlighted. In the formula bar you can see it is equal to cell J11 which is where we input the cost of salt.
Step 3 (b)
This is where things start getting a little bit complicated.
Create a row beneath the box above. Name this row ‘total price’. This will contain the total price of the mixture you will make. The total price of your preparation (in this case a 70kg bag of layers mash) will be the sum of the cost of all feed ingredients you use. For one ingredient its price is the amount of that feed ingredient that you use multiplied by its price. The sum of all these gives the total price. Some may call this the cost of production.
In excel this is calculated as =SUMPRODUCT(cells containing cost : cells containing amount used).

In the figure above the value of total price is shown.
Step 3 (c)
Create a constraints table. This will contain the things that your feed must contain. These standards are set by KEBS.
First of all create a row called ‘total amount’. This will contain the total amount of feed you want to make. In our example it is 70 kg (found in cell E41 below).

Step 3 (c)
Next for each constraint create a row. For example Metabolizable energy (ME) is set by KEBS as 2750 Kcal/Kg (found in cell E16 below). To create a 70 kg feed, the total metabolizable energy needed in the feed will be 2750 x 70 (cells E16 x E41 below).

Do this for all the constraints.
The columns for the constraints table are ‘Total actually in feed’ , ‘Value’ and ‘Total needed in feed’.
The ‘total actually in feed’ is the calculated total amount of the nutrient in the feed. This is calculated by multiplying the amount of a feed ingredient and multiplying it by the amount of a nutrient it has. Then adding up all this to give the total amount actually in the feed. In the figure below the total amount of crude protein is gotten by adding the amount of crude protein in each feed ingredient multiplied by the amount in the feed for all feed ingredients.

Here C31 is the amount of maize in the feed and D3 is the CP content of maize. This is done for each feed ingredient and the results added up.
The column value contains the expression of how much of each should be in a feed. This is set by KEBS. For example the minimum amount of crude protein (CP) in your feed should be 16%. Thus your feed can have 16% or more crude protein and thus its value is set as > greater than or = equal.
You now have all you need to calculate the amount of feed ingredients that will cost you the least.
Step 5
Go to the data tab and click on ‘Solver’. This will open the ‘solver parameters’ dialog box.

Step 6
On the ‘Set Objective’ box select the cell you want the total price to be in. In our example this is C32.

Step 6 (b)
Where it says ‘To’ select ‘Min’. This means you want the minimum cost possible

Step 7
On the ‘By changing Variable Cells’ box select where you want the solutions in Kg of each feed ingredient to be. In our example it is from C31 to H31.

Step 8
Select your constraints by clicking on ‘Add’. This will open an ‘Add Constraint’ Dialog box. Select the Cell reference (total actually in feed), select the value and select the constraint (total needed in feed). And then click ok.

Do this for all constraints. Finally the dialog box will look like shown below after all constraints are added.

Step 9
Tick the check place written ‘Make Unconstrained variables non-negative’. This will ensure you don’t get negative values in your amounts

Step 10
On the ‘Select Solving method’ pull down menu select ‘Simplex LP’.

Step 11:
Click solve. This will display a ‘Solver Result’ Dialogue box.
In this box select ‘Keep Solver Solution’ radio button and click ‘Ok’.

And voila you have Finished.
The results show that you will need 46.3 Kg of maize, 0.5 kg of wheat pollard, 1.6 kg of bone meal, and 15.9 kg of soya bean meal, 5.6 kg of limestone and 0.21 kg of salt. This are the amounts that will have the least cost while still meeting standards. The total cost of production of your 70 kg bag will be KSh 3119.7.

The Metaphysical Question

My dad is a religious man. He wasn't always so and the story of how he got converted is a one that he loves telling often. Me while on the other hand, I'm not. I believe in the physical. Things that have been tried and tested by science.

My father is also a smart man. High IQ. The works. So I have never for a long time reconciled how a smart man would believe that sins can be forgiven, healing can occur by prayer alone and a faith in a Man found in the sky.

But when you think about it, religion is older than science. People have believed in the supernatural for so long that even the most hardened of scientists has once or twice thought; Is there more to this?

And it reminds me of the last two centuries where man came from believing that disease was caused by humors and spirits to proving the existence of germs.

How those scientists must have been ridiculed; telling people that there were these small things that could not be seen, that were causing some of the most dangerous diseases of their time.

So, are the forces behind religion the next greatest scientific discovery? Are there things present in the universe right now that we cannot perceive using our limited 5 senses, but which something tells us is there?

Another example. It might surprise you to know that numbers do not exist in the physical world. They are an abstract concept only in our brain that are used to explain the physical world. Yet they form the basis of much of science today. Is religion so different?

Is it that those who believe in science alone have closed themselves unnecessarily to a perhaps important aspect of our existence?

Love

 The fall A lot of time when talking with her you feel so calm and normal as if you are talking to a person who has known you your entire li...